The concept is used to describe public infrastructure design in San Diego and beyond that is intended to change behavior.

Spikes are built into some public accommodations to ensure that people won’t lie on or sleep on them. Elsewhere, boulders are placed on empty grass fields to make it difficult to comfortably rest. How ...

Spiked or sloped benches. Bolts installed on shop doorsteps and windowsills. Water features that operate at surprising intervals on flat surfaces. All of the above are examples of hostile architecture ...