Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the waveform varies in proportion with the ...

If we replace the potentiometer VR1 with an AC signal plus DC bias signal in any of the previous Figures 3 to 17, the voltage controlled attenuators can become an amplitude modulator circuit instead.

Compared to the simple diode needed to demodulate AM radio signals, the detector circuits used for FM are slightly more complicated. Wrapping your head around phase detectors, ratio detectors, ...

The completed composite demodulator with wall wart. At the end of the pipe in every FM station operating in stereo — which probably is 99.5% of the over 7,000 FM outlets operating here in the United ...

Lock-in amplifiers let you measure very small signals that would otherwise get lost in the noise of even the best available amplifiers. Originally analog circuits, lock-in amplifiers have evolved into ...