Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

David Kindness is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and an expert in the fields of financial accounting, corporate and individual tax planning and preparation, and investing and retirement planning.

Statistical methods are mathematical formulas, models, and techniques that are used in statistical analysis of raw research data. The application of statistical methods extracts information from ...